Desigualdad de oportunidades en México: Impacto sobre el consumo y sobre las habilidades cognitivas

Utilizando información de la encuesta ENNVIH 2002 y 2005, se estima una cota inferior de la desigualdad de oportunidades para el gasto en el consumo de los hogares y para el nivel de habilidades cognitivas de la población en México. El estudio atribuye una parte de la desigualdad a características que están fuera del control de los individuos. Circunstancias como lugar de nacimiento, género, pertenencia a un grupo indígena y escolaridad de los padres se utilizan para calcular índices de desigualdad. Los resultados muestran que la desigualdad de oportunidades es de aproximadamente 35% en el gasto en el consumo y de 50% en el nivel de habilidades cognitivas.

Desigualdad de oportunidades, consumo, Capacidad cognitiva, justicia distributiva, México

Arrow, Kenneth, Samuel Bowles y Steven N. Durlauf (2000), Meritocracy and economic inequality, Princeton University Press.

Alkire, Sabina (2010), "Human Development: Definitions, Critiques, and Related Concepts", Human Development Research Paper HDRP/2010/01, New York: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office.

Barros, Ricardo Paes de, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, José Molinas Vega y Jaime Saavedra Chanduví (2009), "Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean", Washington, DC: Palgrave Macmillan and the World Bank.

Behrman, Jere R., Susan W. Parker y Petra E. Todd (2007), "Do School Subsidy Programs Generate Lasting Benefits? A Five-Year Follow-Up of Oportunidades Participants", University of Pennsylvania, mimeo.

Bossert, Walter (1995), "Redistribution Mechanisms Based on Individual Characteristics", Mathematical Social Sciences, 29: 1-17.

Bourguignon, François, Francisco H.G. Ferreira y Marta Menéndez (2007), "Inequality of Opportunity in Brazil", Review of Income Wealth, 53 (4): 585-618.

Bourguignon, François, Francisco H.G. Ferreira y Michael Walton (2007), "Equity, Efficiency and Inequality Traps: A research agenda", Journal of Economic Inequality 5: 235-256.

Checchi, Daniele y Vitoroco Peragine (2005), "Regional Disparities and Inequality of Opportunity: the Case of Italy", IZA Discussion Paper No. 1874/2005.

Cogneau, Denis y Jérémie Gignoux (2007), "Earnings Inequalities and educational mobility in Brazil over two Decades" en Klasen S. y Nowak-Lehmann (eds.), Poverty, Inequality and Policy in Latin America, CESifo Seminar Series, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press.

Dworkin, Ronald (1981), What is equality? Part 1. Equality of welfare. Part 2: Equality of resources, Philosophy & Public Affairs 10, 185-246 y 283-345.

Ferreira, Francisco H.G. y Jérémie Gignoux (2008), "The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity: Theory and an application to Latin America", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, #4659.

Fleurbaey, Marc (1995), "The requisites of equal opportunity". En W.A. Barnett, H. Moulin, M. Salles, N.J. Schofield (Eds.), Social Choice, Welfare and Ethics, pp. 37-53, Cambridge University Press.

Gignoux, Jérémie (2009), "Educational Expansion and Inequality of Earnings Opportunities: Recent Trends in Latin American Countries", Research for Public Policy, Human Development, HD-10-2009, RBLAC-UNDP, New York.

Lefranc, Arnaud, Nicolas Pistolesi y Alain Trannoy (2006), "Inequality of opportunities vs. inequality of outcomes: Are western societies all alike?" ECINECQ Society for the Study of Economic Inequality Working Paper, #54.

Lefranc, Arnaud, Nicolas Pistolesi y Alain Trannoy (2009), "Equality of Opportunity and Luck: Definitions and testable conditions, with an application to income in France", Journal of Public Economics: 1189-1207.

Lucas, J. R. (1995), Responsibility, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Mayer, David y Gabriela Cordourier (2001), "La Brecha Salarial y la Teoría de Igualdad de Oportunidades. Un Estudio de Género para el Caso Mexicano", El Trimestre Económico, vol. LXVIII(1), núm. 269, pp. 71-107.

Mayer, David, María Fernanda López Olivo y Edson Serván Mori (2008), "Habilidades cognitivas: transmisión intergeneracional por niveles socioeconómicos", Estudios Económicos, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Económicos, vol. 23(1), pp. 129-156.

Roemer, John E. (1993), "A Pragmatic Theory of Responsibility for the Egalitarian Planner", Philosophy and Public Affairs, 22: 146-166.

Roemer, John E. (1998), Equality of Opportunity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Roemer, John et al. (2003), "To What Extent do Fiscal Systems Equalize Opportunities for Income Acquisition among Citizens?", Journal of Public Economics, 87.

Roemer, John E. (2006), "Review Essay, 'The 2006 world development report: Equity and Development'", Journal of Economic Inequality 4: 233-244.

Rubalcava, Luis y Graciela Teruel (2004), "The role of maternal cognitive ability on child health", Economics and Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 2(3), pp. 439-455.

Rubalcava, Luis y Graciela Teruel (2006), "User's Guide for the Mexican Family Life Survey: The First Wave", disponible en http://www.mxfls.cide.edu.

Van de Gaer, Dirk (1993), "Equality of opportunity and investment in human capital", Catholic University of Leuven, Faculty of Economics, no. 92.

Van de Gaer, Dirk, Erik Schokkaert y Michel Martínez (2001), "Three Meanings of Intergenerational Mobility", Economica, 68: 519-537.

World Bank (2005), World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development, Washington, DC: The World Bank and Oxford University Press.