Crecimiento económico y degradación ambiental en países de ingreso medio alto
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Objetivo: Esta investigación analiza el crecimiento económico y degradación ambiental en países de ingreso medio alto utilizando un modelo de datos panel para explorar la heterogeneidad entre ellos. Metodología: se utiliza una especificación econométrica de panel para analizar la heterogeneidad entre crecimiento económico y medio ambiente en una muestra de países de ingreso medio alto: Argentina, Brasil, China, Guatemala, México, Perú, Tailandia, con efectos individuales fijos y aleatorios. Datos: se emplean indicadores mundiales de desarrollo anuales del Banco Mundial sobre las emisiones de bióxido de carbono per cápita (CO2pc) y el producto interno bruto per cápita (PIBpc) para el periodo de 1990 a 2020. Resultados: los resultados empíricos muestran tanto para México como para el resto de los seis países bajo estudio la ausencia de una Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK) en el periodo analizado.
Ansari M.A; S. Haider y N.A. Khan (2020). Does trade openness affects global carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from the top CO2 emitters. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31(1), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2018-0205.
Apergis, N., y I. Ozturk (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators , 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026.
Arrow, K.; B. Bolin; R. Costanza; P. Dasgupta; C. Folke; C. S. Holling; B-O Jansson; S. Levin; K.G. Mäler; C. Perrings, y D. Pimentel (1996). Economic growth, carrying capacity and the environment, Ecological Applications, 6(1), 13-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269539.
Baek, J. (2015). A panel cointegration analysis of CO2 emissions, nuclear energy and income in major nuclear generating countries, Applied Energy, 145, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.074.
Baltagi, B.H., y J. M. Griffin (1983). Gasoline demand in the OECD: An application of pooling and testing procedures. European Economic Review, 22(2), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(83)90077-6.
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Beyene, S.D., y B. Kotosz (2020). Testing the EKC hypothesis: an empirical study for East African countries. International Journal of Environmental Studies , 77(4), 636-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2019.1695445.
Bhattacharyya, R., y T. Ghoshal (2010). Economic growth and CO2 emissions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9187-2.
Box, G.E.P., y G.M. Jenkins (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Londres: Holden-Day.
Dasgupta, S.; B. Laplante; H. Wang, y D. Wheeler (2002). Confronting the EKC. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(1), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330027157.
Destek, M.A., y A. Sinha (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organization for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
Dinda, S. (2004). EKC Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011.
Freire, F.; N.O. da Silva, y V. R. F. de Oliveira (2023). Economic growth and greenhouse gases in Brazilian States: is the environmental Kuznets curve applicable hypothesis? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 44928–44942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25411-z.
Frodyma K.; M. Papiez, y S. Śmiech (2022). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the European Union countries. Energy, 241(C), 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122899.
Grossman, G.M., y A. B. Krueger (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 3914, 1-57. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w3914/w3914.pdf.
Grossman, G. M., y A. B. Krueger (1994). Environmental impacts of the North American free trade agreement. The U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement (P. Garber, ed.). Cambridge; United States: MIT Press, pp. 13-56.
Grossman, G.M., y A. B. Krueger (1996). The inverted-U: What does it mean? Environment and Development Economics, 1(1), 119-122. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44378816.
Grunfeld, Y. (1958). The determinants of corporate investment. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Chicago. Disponible en:https://www.proquest.com/open-view/780b28fe1f4a3db9ba0b24739e8a23cd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827.
He, J., y P. Richard (2010). Environmental Kuznetsk curve for CO2 in Canada. Ecological Economics, 69(5), 1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.030.
Heffron, R. J. (2022). Applying energy justice into the energy transition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156, 111936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111936.
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Prensa de la Universidad de Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327.
Jebli, M. J.; S. B. Youssef, y I. Ozturk (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
Konya, S. (2022). Panel estimation of the EKC for CO2 emissions and ecological footprint: environmental sustainability in developing countries. Folia Eoeconomica Stetinensia, 22(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2022-0022.
Kumar-Kar, A. (2022). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Baltic countries: an empirical investigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 47189-47208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19103-3.
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1-28. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581.
Lowitzsch, J.; S. Lowitzsch, & E.T. Sangster (2019). Energy transition. Financing Consumer Co-Ownership in Renewables. Springer International Publishing . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8.
Mackinnon, J.G; M. Ø. Nielsen, y M. D. Webb (2023). Cluster-Robust Inference: A Guide to Empirical Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 232(2), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2022.04.001.
Maneejuk, N.; S. Ratchakom; P. Maneejuk, y W. Yamaka (2020). Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve exist? An international study. Sustainability, 12(21), 9117, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219117.
Ruiz-Alemán, M.E; C. Carbajal-De-Nova, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2023). On the Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in 28 Countries classified by Income Level: A Panel Data with an Error-components Model, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(6), 523-536. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15013.
Mendoza-Rivera, R.J.; L.E. García-Pérez, y F. Venegas-Martínez, (2023). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and responsible economic growth with environmental stability in North America, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(4), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14359.
Piketty, T. (1998). Capital in the twenty-first Century. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Pirgaip, B.; S. Byarakdar, y M.V. Kaya (2023). The role of government spending within the environmental Kuznets curve framework: evidence from G7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25180-9.
Perman, R., y D. I. Stern (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00216.
Roca, J., y E. Padilla (2003). Emisiones atmosféricas y crecimiento económico en España. La curva de Kuznets ambiental y el Protocolo de Kyoto. Economía Industrial. 351, 73-86. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=891419.
Saidi, K., y M. B. Mbarek (2017). The impact of income, trade, urbanization, and financial development on CO2 emissions in 19 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24, 12748-12757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6303-3.
Salazar-Núñez, H.F.; F. Venegas-Martínez, y M. Á. Tinoco-Zermeño (2020). Impact of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: cointegrated panel data in 79 countries grouped by income level. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8783.
Salazar-Núñez, H. F.; F. Venegas-Martínez, y J. A. Lozano-Díez (2022). Assessing the interdependence among renewable and non-renewable energies, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Mexico. Environment Development and Sustainability. 24(11), 12850-12866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01968-y.
Santillán-Salgado, R.J., H. Valencia-Herrera, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2020). On the relations among CO2 emissions, gross domestic product growth, energy consumption, electricity use, urbanization, and income inequality for a sample of 134 countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy , 10(6), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10070.
Seppälä, T.; T. Haukioja, y J. Kaivo-oja (2001). The EKC Hypothesis Does Not Hold for Direct Material Flows: EKC Hypothesis Tests for Direct Material Flows in Five Industrial Countries. Population and Environment 23, 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012831804794.
Soytas, U.; R. Sari, y B. T. Ewing (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009.
Stern, D.I.; M.S. Common, y E.B. Barbier (1996). Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0.
Stern, D.I. (1998). Progress on the environmental Kuznets curve? Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X98000102.
Stern, D.I.; A. Auld; M.S. Common, y K.K. Sanyal (1998). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur? Working Papers in Ecological Economics, 9804, Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Retrieved from: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/anuwpieep/9804.htm.
Stern, D.I., y M.S. Common (2001). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 41(2), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.2000.1132.
Stern, D.I. (2001). Progress on the environmental Kuznets curve. Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X98000102.
Stern, D.I. (2018). The environmental Kuznets curve. Manuscript, International Society for Ecological Economics Internet Encyclopedia of Ecological Economics. Retrieved from: https://isecoeco.org/pdf/stern.pdf.
Suki, N.M.; A. Sharif; S. Afshan, y N.M. Suki (2020). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Malaysia: The role of globalization in sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production , 264, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121669.
Valencia-Herrera, H.; R.J. Santillán-Salgado, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2020). On the interaction among economic growth, energy-electricity consumption, CO2 emissions, and urbanization in Latin America. Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas, 15(4), 745-767. https://doi.org/10.21919/remef.v15i4.553.
Vinod, H.D. y A. Ullah (1981). Recent Advances in Regression Methods. New York: Marcel Dekker.
World Bank (2020). Emisiones de CO2 [data base]. Retrieved on December 2020 https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC.
World Bank (2019). Nueva clasificación de los países según el nivel de ingresos para 2019 y 2020 . Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/es/opendata/nueva-clasificacion-de-los-paises-segun-el-nivel-de-ingresos-para-2019-y-2020.
World Bank (2020). PIB per cápita [data base]. Retrieved on December 2020 de https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.
Yang, Y., Xia, S., Huang, P., y Qian, J. (2024). Energy transition: Connotations, mechanisms and effects. Energy Strategy Reviews , 52, 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101320.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Objetivo: Esta investigación analiza el crecimiento económico y degradación ambiental en países de ingreso medio alto utilizando un modelo de datos panel para explorar la heterogeneidad entre ellos. Metodología: se utiliza una especificación econométrica de panel para analizar la heterogeneidad entre crecimiento económico y medio ambiente en una muestra de países de ingreso medio alto: Argentina, Brasil, China, Guatemala, México, Perú, Tailandia, con efectos individuales fijos y aleatorios. Datos: se emplean indicadores mundiales de desarrollo anuales del Banco Mundial sobre las emisiones de bióxido de carbono per cápita (CO2pc) y el producto interno bruto per cápita (PIBpc) para el periodo de 1990 a 2020. Resultados: los resultados empíricos muestran tanto para México como para el resto de los seis países bajo estudio la ausencia de una Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK) en el periodo analizado.
Ansari M.A; S. Haider y N.A. Khan (2020). Does trade openness affects global carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from the top CO2 emitters. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31(1), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2018-0205.
Apergis, N., y I. Ozturk (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators , 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026.
Arrow, K.; B. Bolin; R. Costanza; P. Dasgupta; C. Folke; C. S. Holling; B-O Jansson; S. Levin; K.G. Mäler; C. Perrings, y D. Pimentel (1996). Economic growth, carrying capacity and the environment, Ecological Applications, 6(1), 13-15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269539.
Baek, J. (2015). A panel cointegration analysis of CO2 emissions, nuclear energy and income in major nuclear generating countries, Applied Energy, 145, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.074.
Baltagi, B.H., y J. M. Griffin (1983). Gasoline demand in the OECD: An application of pooling and testing procedures. European Economic Review, 22(2), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(83)90077-6.
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Beyene, S.D., y B. Kotosz (2020). Testing the EKC hypothesis: an empirical study for East African countries. International Journal of Environmental Studies , 77(4), 636-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2019.1695445.
Bhattacharyya, R., y T. Ghoshal (2010). Economic growth and CO2 emissions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(2), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9187-2.
Box, G.E.P., y G.M. Jenkins (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control, Londres: Holden-Day.
Dasgupta, S.; B. Laplante; H. Wang, y D. Wheeler (2002). Confronting the EKC. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(1), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330027157.
Destek, M.A., y A. Sinha (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organization for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
Dinda, S. (2004). EKC Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011.
Freire, F.; N.O. da Silva, y V. R. F. de Oliveira (2023). Economic growth and greenhouse gases in Brazilian States: is the environmental Kuznets curve applicable hypothesis? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 44928–44942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25411-z.
Frodyma K.; M. Papiez, y S. Śmiech (2022). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the European Union countries. Energy, 241(C), 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122899.
Grossman, G.M., y A. B. Krueger (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 3914, 1-57. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w3914/w3914.pdf.
Grossman, G. M., y A. B. Krueger (1994). Environmental impacts of the North American free trade agreement. The U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement (P. Garber, ed.). Cambridge; United States: MIT Press, pp. 13-56.
Grossman, G.M., y A. B. Krueger (1996). The inverted-U: What does it mean? Environment and Development Economics, 1(1), 119-122. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44378816.
Grunfeld, Y. (1958). The determinants of corporate investment. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Chicago. Disponible en:https://www.proquest.com/open-view/780b28fe1f4a3db9ba0b24739e8a23cd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913827.
He, J., y P. Richard (2010). Environmental Kuznetsk curve for CO2 in Canada. Ecological Economics, 69(5), 1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.030.
Heffron, R. J. (2022). Applying energy justice into the energy transition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156, 111936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111936.
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Prensa de la Universidad de Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139839327.
Jebli, M. J.; S. B. Youssef, y I. Ozturk (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031.
Konya, S. (2022). Panel estimation of the EKC for CO2 emissions and ecological footprint: environmental sustainability in developing countries. Folia Eoeconomica Stetinensia, 22(2), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2022-0022.
Kumar-Kar, A. (2022). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions in Baltic countries: an empirical investigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 47189-47208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19103-3.
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1-28. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581.
Lowitzsch, J.; S. Lowitzsch, & E.T. Sangster (2019). Energy transition. Financing Consumer Co-Ownership in Renewables. Springer International Publishing . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8.
Mackinnon, J.G; M. Ø. Nielsen, y M. D. Webb (2023). Cluster-Robust Inference: A Guide to Empirical Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 232(2), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2022.04.001.
Maneejuk, N.; S. Ratchakom; P. Maneejuk, y W. Yamaka (2020). Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve exist? An international study. Sustainability, 12(21), 9117, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219117.
Ruiz-Alemán, M.E; C. Carbajal-De-Nova, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2023). On the Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in 28 Countries classified by Income Level: A Panel Data with an Error-components Model, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(6), 523-536. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15013.
Mendoza-Rivera, R.J.; L.E. García-Pérez, y F. Venegas-Martínez, (2023). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and responsible economic growth with environmental stability in North America, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(4), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14359.
Piketty, T. (1998). Capital in the twenty-first Century. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Pirgaip, B.; S. Byarakdar, y M.V. Kaya (2023). The role of government spending within the environmental Kuznets curve framework: evidence from G7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25180-9.
Perman, R., y D. I. Stern (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00216.
Roca, J., y E. Padilla (2003). Emisiones atmosféricas y crecimiento económico en España. La curva de Kuznets ambiental y el Protocolo de Kyoto. Economía Industrial. 351, 73-86. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=891419.
Saidi, K., y M. B. Mbarek (2017). The impact of income, trade, urbanization, and financial development on CO2 emissions in 19 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24, 12748-12757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6303-3.
Salazar-Núñez, H.F.; F. Venegas-Martínez, y M. Á. Tinoco-Zermeño (2020). Impact of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: cointegrated panel data in 79 countries grouped by income level. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8783.
Salazar-Núñez, H. F.; F. Venegas-Martínez, y J. A. Lozano-Díez (2022). Assessing the interdependence among renewable and non-renewable energies, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Mexico. Environment Development and Sustainability. 24(11), 12850-12866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01968-y.
Santillán-Salgado, R.J., H. Valencia-Herrera, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2020). On the relations among CO2 emissions, gross domestic product growth, energy consumption, electricity use, urbanization, and income inequality for a sample of 134 countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy , 10(6), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10070.
Seppälä, T.; T. Haukioja, y J. Kaivo-oja (2001). The EKC Hypothesis Does Not Hold for Direct Material Flows: EKC Hypothesis Tests for Direct Material Flows in Five Industrial Countries. Population and Environment 23, 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012831804794.
Soytas, U.; R. Sari, y B. T. Ewing (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009.
Stern, D.I.; M.S. Common, y E.B. Barbier (1996). Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0.
Stern, D.I. (1998). Progress on the environmental Kuznets curve? Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X98000102.
Stern, D.I.; A. Auld; M.S. Common, y K.K. Sanyal (1998). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur? Working Papers in Ecological Economics, 9804, Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Retrieved from: https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/anuwpieep/9804.htm.
Stern, D.I., y M.S. Common (2001). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 41(2), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.2000.1132.
Stern, D.I. (2001). Progress on the environmental Kuznets curve. Environment and Development Economics, 3(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X98000102.
Stern, D.I. (2018). The environmental Kuznets curve. Manuscript, International Society for Ecological Economics Internet Encyclopedia of Ecological Economics. Retrieved from: https://isecoeco.org/pdf/stern.pdf.
Suki, N.M.; A. Sharif; S. Afshan, y N.M. Suki (2020). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Malaysia: The role of globalization in sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production , 264, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121669.
Valencia-Herrera, H.; R.J. Santillán-Salgado, y F. Venegas-Martínez (2020). On the interaction among economic growth, energy-electricity consumption, CO2 emissions, and urbanization in Latin America. Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas, 15(4), 745-767. https://doi.org/10.21919/remef.v15i4.553.
Vinod, H.D. y A. Ullah (1981). Recent Advances in Regression Methods. New York: Marcel Dekker.
World Bank (2020). Emisiones de CO2 [data base]. Retrieved on December 2020 https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC.
World Bank (2019). Nueva clasificación de los países según el nivel de ingresos para 2019 y 2020 . Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/es/opendata/nueva-clasificacion-de-los-paises-segun-el-nivel-de-ingresos-para-2019-y-2020.
World Bank (2020). PIB per cápita [data base]. Retrieved on December 2020 de https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.
Yang, Y., Xia, S., Huang, P., y Qian, J. (2024). Energy transition: Connotations, mechanisms and effects. Energy Strategy Reviews , 52, 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101320.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.