Factors Driving Changes in Income Distribution in Post-Reform Mexico

Después de 1984 y posterior a la liberalización económica, la desigualdad del ingreso en México se incrementó. Algunos de los principales factores que contribuyeron a esta tendencia son, el crecimiento relativo del ingreso promedio en el sector servicios, en relación con los sectores agrícola y manufacturero, lo cual es consistente con argumentos tales como la expansión de los servicios y la reducción de rentas en el sector comercial; el incremento en la tasa de retorno a la educación, que es consistente con la hipótesis del comercio como detonante de la demanda de la mano de obra calificada; y, la estabilización de la tasa de sindicalismo. Por otra parte, entre 1998 y 2002, la desigualdad disminuyó gradualmente. Algunos de los factores que propiciaron esta caída son, el decremento de la tasa de retorno a la educación, la caída de la tasa de retorno al sindicalismo y la estabilización de la tasa de sindicalismo. Esta tendencia es consistente con argumentos que sugieren efectos adversos temporales y ciclos en la evolución de la desigualdad del ingreso en el largo plazo. La recomposición de los hogares y los ingresos por transferencias son factores que mitigan la desigualdad, mientras que el deterioro del sector agrícola es una causa persistente de la dispersión del ingreso.

Desigualdad del ingreso, liberalización económica

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